Science program-As for space missions, in CAVES astronauts carry out a comprehensive scientific program, according to a flexible operational timeline and space-like procedures. In 2011 a new ESA training programme named CAVES (Cooperative Adventure for Valuing and Exercising human behaviour and performance Skills) was launched, with the specific goal to prepare astronauts for long duration space missions. This requires the identification of suitable terrestrial analogue environments and the design of high-fidelity training courses/mission scenarios with representative operational setup. The environments in which such training events are carried out must have realistic perceived risk and must enable the execution of complex technical tasks, as well as requiring group living in isolated and/or confined settings. platforms, where stressors similar to those encountered in long duration spaceflight are provided. Preparing for expeditions to other planets requires a realistic replication of environmental and situational characteristics of the extreme conditions of space in earth analogue. Introduction-Space agencies are concerned with training of their astronauts for long duration missions, not only for current and future orbital missions but also for future human and robotic planetary surface exploration. ESA CAVES), and the similarities and differences with extra vehicular activity operations, and how training for similar operations allows to instill a modus operandi that promotes safe and effective behavior.

In this paper we analyze the specific case of safety issues and progression techniques training in underground and underwater environments employed in terrestrial analogues for astronaut training (e.g. These training events shall recreate situations that are spaceflight analogue in terms of perception of risk, crew composition, isolation, confinement and at the same time provide a real opportunity for spaceflight-like operations, science, equipment testing, and exploration, in preparation of future planetary endeavours. and increase operational safety and efficiency. This has prompted space agencies to identify opportunities for terrestrial analogue training events which foster expeditionary behavior. In the absence of short-term spaceflight opportunities, astronauts find themselves involved in long term flights as their first exposure to space operations, within multicultural crews with which they have rarely spent more than a few consecutive hours together.

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